boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

boiler steel plate a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer.Do you want results only for boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer? ASTM A537 Steel Plates, ASME SA537 Steel Plates, SA 537 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

A537 Class 2 HR Boiler Plates , ASTM A537 CL 1 Boiler Plates Exporter, SA 537 CL 2 Carbon Steel Pressure Vessel Plates , ASME SA537 CL 2 Carbon Steel Plate , SA 537 Lower Temperature Carbon Steel Class 2 Plates Dealer, ASME SA537 Class 1 Pressure Vessel & Boiler Plates Manufacturer , Suppliers in India.Length 3000mm to 15000mm Thickness 6mm to 300mm Standard JIS,GB, BS, ISO and So on Width 1500mm to 4050mm SA537/SA537M Class-1 Normalized Pressure Vessel Plates,SA537 /SA537M Class -1 Normalized Pressure Vessel Plates Manufacturers , Exporters, Stockist India & Suppliers Worldwide Stainless steel , carbon steel , alloy steel , nickel, other ferrous & non-Ferrous metals in shape of Pipes, Tubes, Pipe Fittings, Flanges, Fasteners from IndiaLength 3000-18000mm Width 1500-3500mm Thickness 8-100mm ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates SA537 CL. 1 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerThe ASTM A537 Class 1 Pressure Vessel Plates range in length from 6m, 12m and to cut lengths.Customized lengths are also produced. The finish of the material can be natural or painted. The Hot Rolled Steel ASME SA537 Class 1 Plates are high strength plates that are heat treated.These are applied in pressure vessels. Boilers , heat exchangers, super heaters,

Item Carbon Steel Structural Plates Thickness 6mm-300mm Length 3000mm-15000mm ASTM A537 Class 1, 2 and 3 Steel Plates Specification boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

ASTM A537 Class 1, 2 Steel Plates . ASTM A537 standard refers to pressure vessel plates , material in heat-treated, carbon-manganese silicon steel . Based on different strength and heat treatment, it ranges to Class 1 , 2 and 3 . The maximum thickness under ASTM A537 Class 1 is 100 mm [4 inch], and 150 mm [6 inch] for Class 2 and Class 3 .Impact tested 52° C Thickness 5 milimeter-150 milimeter Length 3000 milimeter-18000 milimeter Boiler Steel Plate A537 Class 3 SA537 Class 1 Manu steelsPressure Vessel Steel ASTM A537 Class 3 Boiler Steel Plate Suppliers and Manufacturers - China boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerhicplatesASME SA537 Class 2 Carbon Steel Plates, ASTM A537 CL. 2 Pressure Vessel Plate StockistshighstrengthsteelplatesASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates SA537 CL. 1 Pressure Vessel SheetsteelsA537 Steel Plate Class 1 And Class 2 Suppliers and Manufacturers - China Factory - highstrengthsteelplatesASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates SA537 CL. 1 Pressure Vessel Sheet images Pressure Vessel Plate ASME SA537 Class 1 Suppliers and boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerPressure Vessel Plate ASME SA537 Class 1 . Pressure Vessel Plate ASME SA537 Class 1 / Class 2 ,SA537 Class 3 ,ASTM A537 Class 1 steel . Pressure Vessel Plates , Heat-Treated, Carbon-Manganese-Silicon Steel ASME SA537 Class 1 ,SA537 Class 2,SA537 Class 3 ,ASTM A537 Class 1 ,A537 Class 2,A537 Class 3 , 1 . Steel Grade ASME SA537 Class 1 ,SA537 boiler steel plate a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer.Do you want results only for boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer?

astm a537 class 1 steel plate, astm a537 class 1 steel boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

About product and suppliers 1,886 astm a537 class 1 steel plate products are offered for sale by suppliers on , of which steel sheets accounts for 9%, stainless steel sheets accounts for 8%. A wide variety of astm a537 class 1 steel plate options are available to you, such as aisi, astm, and jis. astm a537 class 1 low temperature-HERNA STEEL Material boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerwerkstoff ASMEsa516gr70 - Steel Material Supplier. Sep 23, astm a537 class 1 low temperature#0183;ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plate use in pressurised service and are commonly used in the fabrication of commercial pressurised vessels and boilers .bbn is the skilled Chinese asme sa738 gr.b 16mnhr 18mnd5 nuclear power metal plate supplier .If you need asme sa537 class 1 steel plate distributor Carbon steel boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerSA537 Class 1 Plates SA537 Class I Plates - AshtapadSA537 Class 1 Plates SA537 Class I Plates Manufacturers ,Exporters,Stockist India Suppliers Worldwide SA537 Class 1 Plates SA537 Class I Plates .We are Stockholder Distributors of Boiler Quality,Pressure Vessel,High Tensile Steel Plates in Grades S355J2G3,S355J2G3+N,ST52-3 ,ST52-3N,S355J2H,S355J2 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

a537cl1 boiler plate steel -

About products and suppliers Anyone looking to purchase a537cl1 boiler plate steel from certified suppliers can get them from . The online store has refined products from top-notch brands on the market. Regardless of the rea for needing high-quality a537cl1 boiler plate steel , there is a large assortment of the online store's products.. By visiting the platform, Who are the suppliers of sa537 Class 1 steel plates?Who are the suppliers of sa537 Class 1 steel plates?The SA537 Class 1 steel plate are the steel plates constructed under the specification of A537 which is in the category of class 1. The CHINA UNITED IRON AND STEEL LIMITED are the greater suppliers of the steel plates and other industrial products. These are also known as pressure vessel steel plates.SA537 Class 1 Steel Plate, ASME SA537 CL1 Carbon Steel boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer Which is the best ASTM A537 Class 2 boiler plate?Which is the best ASTM A537 Class 2 boiler plate?ASTM A537 Class 2 Plate Distributors in Vadodara, SA537 CL 2 Boiler Plate, Hot Rolled Steel ASME SA537 Class 2 Plates Supplier in Anand, ASTM A537 Class 2 Heat-Treated Carbon-Manganese-Silicon Steel Plates Stockholders in Gujarat. Tempering Notch toughness can be improved by quenched cooling from hot rolling or normalizing by the supplier.ASME SA537 Class 2 Carbon Steel Plates, ASTM A537 CL. 2 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

What kind of steel is sa 537 Cl 1?What kind of steel is sa 537 Cl 1?SA 537 CL 1, ASTM A516 grades, ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates, SA 537 CL1, Grade Alloy Steel Plate, ASME SA537 Class 1 Steel Plates, ASTM A537 Class 1 Steel Plates, manufacturers, exporters, suppliers, Mumbai, India.SA 537 CL 1, ASTM A516 grades, ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plate What is ASTM A537 CL.1 Equivalent steel grade - Stainless boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

ASTM A537 CL.1 steel plates shall be normalized. SA537CL2 and SA537Cl3 plates shall be quenched and tempered. The tempering temperature for Cl2 plates shall not be less than 1100°F [595°C] for not less than 1 2 h and 1150°F [620°C] for Class 3 plates for not less than 1 2 h. A537 CL.1 Delivery Time Or Lead Time 15-30days What are ASME sa537 Class 1 pressure vessel plates?What are ASME sa537 Class 1 pressure vessel plates?SA537 Class 1 Pressure Vessel Plates is mainly used for manufacture in the oil and gas and petrochemical industries. ASTM A537 Class 1 Steel Plates supplied in the normalised condition and the specification covers plates up to 100 mm (4 inches) in thickness.ASME SA537 Class 1 Steel Plates, ASTM A537 Class 1 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

SA537/SA537M Class-1 Normalized Pressure Vessel Plates boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

SA537 /SA537M Class-1 Normalized Pressure Vessel Plates SA537 /SA537M - SA537 /SA537M Class-1 Normalized Pressure Vessel Products Made In Germany, India Trading Company. SA537 /SA537M Class-1 Normalized Pressure Vessel Plates We are Stockholder & Distributors of Boiler Quality, Pressure Vessel, High Tensile Steel Plates in Grades S355J2G3, SA537 Class 1 Steel Plate, ASME SA537 CL1 Carbon Steel PlatesThe SA537 Class 1 steel plate are the steel plates constructed under the specification of A537 which is in the category of class 1 . The CHINA UNITED IRON AND STEEL LIMITED are the greater suppliers of the steel plates and other industrial products. These are also known as pressure vessel steel plates . SA537 Class 1 Plates SA537 Class I Plates - AshtapadSA537 Class 1 Plates SA537 Class I Plates boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer Other Ferrous & Non-Ferrous metals In Shape Of steel Sheet Plate Coil Etc. Suppliers of Boiler Plate , PVQ Coils, Carbon Steel (SS boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer SA 516 Grade 60, ASTM A515 Grade-70, ASTM A515 Grade-60, ASTM A516 Grade-70, ASTM A516 Grade-60, SA537 Class 1 , SA537 Class 2, ASTM A537 Class -1 , ASTM A537 Class -2 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

SA537 CL.1 Steel Plates Supplier, Stockist in Mumbai India

Price List of ASME SA537 CL.1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Plates . SA537 CL.1 Industrial Pressure Vessel Plate . US $800-3000 / Metric Ton ( FOB Price) Hot Rolled A537 Class 1 Steel Plates . US $605-629 / Metric Ton ( FOB Price) ASTM A537 CL.1 Boiler Quality Plates . US $800-4000 / Metric Ton ( FOB Price) SA537 Class 1 Lower-Temperature Steel Plates . SA 537 CL.1 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Steel Plates, ASTM boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerConquest Steel and Alloys is India Based Leading Supplier and Stockist of High Quality and Speciality Steel Such as SA 537 Class 1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steel Plates , ASTM A537 CL.1 Pressure Vessel Plates , A537 CL.1 Lower Temperature Carbon Steel Plate , SA537 Class 1 Hot Rolled Boiler Qulity Plate , SA 537 CL.1 BQ Plates Available in Ready Stock of ASME SA 537 CL 1, ASTM A516 grades, ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerRexton Steel & Alloys inc is leading manufacturers , exporters, suppliers of SA 537 CL 1 , ASTM A516 grades, ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates , SA 537 CL1, Grade Alloy Steel Plate , ASME SA537 Class 1 Steel Plates , ASTM A537 Class 1 Steel Plates at low rate to our worldwide clients from Mumbai, India.

Products / Boiler Steel Plate / ASME SA537 Steel Plate boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

SA537CL2,SA537 C. BBNSTEEL is specialized in supplying ASME SA537 steel plate in SA537 Class 2,SA537 Cl.2,SA537 Cl2 high quality Pressure Vessel Steel Plates SA516 GR.70,ASME SA537 CL. 1 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerA537 Cl.1 , A537 Class 1 , A537 Class -1 , A537 CL.I, A537 Cl.I A537 Class 3 A537 Cl.2, A537 Class 2, A537 Class -2, A537 CL.II, A537 Cl.II A537 Class III A204/SA204 Grade A, B , C for Pressure Vessel Plates Alloy Steel China A537 Cl1 Steel Plate, A537 Cl1 Steel Plate boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerChina A537 Cl1 Steel Plate manufacturers - Select high quality A537 Cl1 Steel Plate products in best price from certified Chinese Stainless Steel Product, Stainless Steel Material suppliers , wholesalers and factory on

Carbon Steel ASTM A537 Class 1 Structural Steel Plates

Item Carbon Steel Structural Plates Grade ASTM A537 / ASME SA537 Class 1 , Class 2, Class 3 Thickness 6mm 300mm Length 3000mm-15000mm Width 1500mm-4050mm Boiler steel plate A537 Class 1,A537CL3 Products for boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerBoiler steel plate a537 class 1 ,pressure vessel steel plate a537 class 2, Boiler steel plate a537 class 3 ,pressure vessel steel plate SA537 class 1 . Steel Name:Boiler steel plate ,pressure vessel steel plate Main steel grades P265GH,P355GH,16Mo3,15Mo3,A204 Grade A,A285 Grade C,SA299 Grade A,SA387,A516 Grade 70,A537 Class 1 ,SPV355,Q345R. Asme Sa537 Class 2 Sheets Suppliers In India, Sa537 Cl2 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerASME SA537 Class 2 Plates manufacturer . CL.2 ASTM A537 Carbon Steel Plates is ideal for both in boilers and pressure vessels, SA537 Class 2 Boiler Quality Plate is used in the oil, gas and petrochemical industry.Class 2 ASME SA537 Plate is a higher yield and tensile strength material used in the fabrication.ASME SA537 Class 2 Pressure Vessel Steel Plates is heat

ASTM A537/ ASME SA537 PVQ Steel Plate Chapel Steel

ASTM A537/ ASME SA537 . A537 is a heat-treated, carbon manganese-silicon, steel plate grade. Typical applications include pressure vessels designed for moderate and lower temperature service requiring excellent notch toughness as well as API storage tanks. Class 1 material is produced in the Normalized condition class 2 is produced as Quench and boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer ASTM A537-1 / ASME SA537-1 Pressure Vessel Plate (India boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerASTM A537 -1 / ASME SA537-1 Pressure Vessel Plate ASTM A537 -1 - ASTM A537 -1 / ASME SA537-1 Pressure Vessel Plate Products Made In Germany, India Trading Company. ASTM A537 -1 / ASME SA537-1 Pressure Vessel Plate We are Stockholder & Distributors of Boiler Quality, Pressure Vessel, High Tensile Steel Plates in Grades S355J2G3, S355J2G3+N, ASTM A537 Class 2 Pressure Vessel Steel SupplierASTM A537 Class 2. ASTM A537 Class 2 steel is a higher yield and tensile strength material used in the fabrication of pressurised vessels and steel boilers . The steel includes the alloying of carbon, manganese and silicon and is heat treated using the quenched and tempered method which gives the material its residual strength.

ASTM A537 Class 2 Carbon Steel Plates and SA 537 cl1 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

a537 steel plate is the standard specification for pressure vessel plates , heat-treated, carbon-manganese-silicon steel used in the applications of fusion welded pressure vessels and structures. ASTM A537 Class 2 Plate has higher yield and tensile strength which is used in the fabrication of steel boilers and pressurized vessels.ASTM A537 Class 2 Pressure Vessel ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates for Pressure VesselsThe steel is ideal for use in pressurised service both in boilers and pressure vessels and Masteel UK Limited supplies A537 Class 1 plates to the world's leading fabricators who in turn serve the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical industry. For more information please refer to the technical specifications below. ASTM A537 Cl 1 Plates Stockists in Mumbai IndiaChampak Steel & Engg. Co is a notable manufacturer , supplier, exporter and stockist of ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plate in Mumbai, India. ASTM A537 is the Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates , Heat-Treated, Carbon-Manganese-Silicon Steel , and it is intended to use in the manufacture of fusion welded pressure vessels and structures.

ASTM A537 Carbon Steel for Pressure Vessel - HENAN

ASTM A537 steel (ASME SA537 ) is a kind of heat-treated carbon manganese-silicon steel plates intended for fusion welded pressure vessels and structures. There are three steel quality Class 1 , Class 2 and Class 3 . The A537 Class 1 carbon steel plates are fabricated in the industry by using top-notch quality of alloy. ASTM A537 CL1 steel plateA537 CL1 steel plate /sheet for simple pressure vessels steel . A 537 Class 1carbon steel plates are engineered to be used in pressure vessel applications .A537 Class 1 steel plates shall be normalized in all of thickness. A 537 steel material usual be serviced the Gas, Petrochemical and Oil industry. The material of ASTM A537 Class 1 is a boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer ASTM A537 - Boiler and Pressure vessel Steel Supplier boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerProduct Scope. AN STEEL produces ASTM A537 of all grades, ASTM A537 specification covers the standard for heat-treated carbon manganese-silicon steel plates intended for fusion welded pressure vessels and storage tank. It is a kind of low alloy steel that covers 3 grades (Class 1 , Class 2, Class 3 ) , steel plate of these grades are used boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

ASME SA537CL.3, ASME SA537 Class 3 steel plate Supplier

Adopt standard ASME SA537 . SA537 Class 3 steel grade. Steel plate SA537 Class 3 is a quenched and tempered steel material, the same with SA537 Class 2 in heat treatment. Although the SA537 Class 3 only yields strength lowers than A573 Class 2, the two grade have a little different in price. A 537 class 3 quenched and tempered temperature is boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer ASME SA537CL.1, ASME SA537 Class 1 steel plate supplierSA537 Class 1 steel plates shall be normalized in all of thickness. SA537 steel material usual be serviced the Gas, Petrochemical and Oil industry. If you need more yield and tensile grade, you could choose steel grade SA537 Class 2. ASME SA537CL.2, ASME SA537 Class 2 steel plate supplier. ASME SA537 Class 2 STEEL PLATES ASTM A537 Class 2 Prosaic Steel and Alloys stock ASTM A537 Class 2 pressure vessel steel plates . Large stocks of plates certified to ASME SA537 Class 2 and ASTM A537 Class 2 are held in our warehouse and processing facilities. we specialized in supplying A537 steel plate in A537 Class 2 and ASME SA537 Class 2, Distributor of A537 Class 2 Plates all over the world.

ASME SA537 Class 2 Carbon Steel Plates, ASTM A537 CL. 2 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturer

ASTM A537 Class 2 Carbon Steel Plate Specification Width 1000mm-4500mm Thickness 5mm-150mm Length 3000mm-18000mm Supply Condition Quenched and tempered, BQ Plates with IBR form IV, Furnace Normalised, MTC acc to EN 10204 3 .1 / 3 .2, Ultraic tested as per SA 578 or any other as per requirement Impact tested :-52° C Tempering Notch toughness ASME SA537 Class 1, ASTM A537 Class 1, ASME SA537 Class Champak Industries is a leading Exporter , Stockiest of ASTM A537 Class 1 pressure vessel steel plates . Large stocks of plates certified to ASME SA537 Class 1 and ASTM A537 Class 1 are held in our warehouse. We specialized in supplying A537 steel plate in A537 Class 1 and ASME SA537 Class 1 , Distributor of A537 Class 1 Plates all over the world ASME SA537 Class 1 Steel Plates, ASTM A537 Class 1, SA 537 boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerSuperior Steel Oveseas is world-leading manufacturer , supplier & exporter of ASME SA537 Class 1 Steel Plates , ASME SA537 standard specification for pressure vessel plates , heat-treated, carbon-manganese-silicon steel . ASTM A537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plate use in pressurised service and are commonly used in the fabrication of industrial pressurised vessels

ASME SA537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates, ASTM A537

Stockists of ASME SA537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates in Vadodara, A537 CL. 1 Boiler Plate , ASME SA537 Class 1 Plate Supplier in Bangalore, ASTM A537 Class 1 Pressure Vessel Plates Suppliers in Gujarat, India. A537 Class 1 Plates are best for constructing pressure vessels ASME SA537 CLASS 1 STEEL PLATES ASTM A537 CLASS 1 Prosaic Steel and Alloys stock ASTM A537 Class 1 pressure vessel steel plates . Large stocks of plates certified to ASME SA537 Class 1 and ASTM A537 Class 1 are held in our warehouse and processing facilities. we specialized in supplying A537 steel plate in A537 Class 1 and ASME SA537 Class 1 , Distributor of A537 Class 1 Plates all over the world. ASME SA 537 CL 1 Plate, R355 Plates, Carbon Steel ASTM boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerRexton Steel & Alloys is the leading suppliers and stockists of R355 Carbon Steel Plates , ASTM A537 Class 1 Plate , ASME SA537 CL 1 Boiler Plate , Grade R355 Pressure Vessel Plates in

ASME A537 & ASTM SA537 Class 1 Brown McFarlane

Class 1 steel is supplied in the normalised condition and the specification covers plates up to 100 mm (4 inches) in thickness. ASME SA537 Class 1 / ASTM A537 Class 1 Specification. The chemical and tensile requirements for ASME SA537 Class 1 and the ASTM A537 Class 1 produced steel can be found in the tables below this section. A537CL3 Steel Plate, ASTM A537 Class 3 Carbon Steel PlatesGang steel is a leading manufacturer of A537CL3 Steel Plates , ASTM A537 CL 3 Steel Pressure Vessel Plates , A537 Class 3 Steel Boiler Plate suppliers in Shanghai, China. A537 Class 2 Steel Plate SuppliersASTM A 537 Cl.2 PlateMD Exports LLP is a A537 Class 2 Steel Plate stockholders and suppliers , delivering to the whole of the world.we are ISO 9001:2008 accredited and supplies A537 Class 2 Steel Plate to internationally approved quality standards for applications. A537 Class 2 Steel Plate have excellent quality to fully satisfy customers requirements.

A537 Class 2 Steel Plate SuppliersASTM A 537 Cl.2 Plate

Heavy Metal And Alloysis a A537 Class 2 Steel Plate stockholders and suppliers , delivering to the whole of the world.we are ISO 9001:2008 accredited and supplies A537 Class 2 Steel Plate to internationally approved quality standards for applications. A537 Class 2 Steel Plate have excellent quality to fully satisfy customers requirements. A537 Class 1 Steel Plate Suppliers|ASTM A 537 Cl.1 PlatesHeavy Metal And Alloys is a A537 Class 1 Steel Plate stockholders and suppliers , delivering to the whole of the world.we are ISO 9001:2008 accredited and supplies A537 Class 1 Steel Plate to internationally approved quality standards for applications. A537 Class 1 Steel Plate have excellent quality to fully satisfy customers requirements. A537 Class 1 Plates 15mo3 16mo3 Pressure Vessel Steel boiler steel plate1 a537 class 3 sa537 class 1 manufacturerStockists of ASME SA537 Class 1 Carbon Steel Plates in Tianjin, A537 CL. 1 Boiler Plate , ASME SA537 Class 1 Plate , ASTM A537 Class 1 Pressure Vessel Plates Suppliers . Advantages of A537 Class 1 Plates . These plates offers great resistivity to corrosion; Any chance of leakages are negligible; Tendency to bear maximum pressure with minimum